Shadow boxing is often treated as a warm-up. That wastes it. Done well, it is one of the best ways to build footwork, rhythm, punch mechanics, defence and conditioning without needing a bag, pads or a partner. It also exposes weak habits quickly. If the feet stop, the boxing stops. If the guard drops, there is no bag to hide it.

Hour four of this MMA Personal Training ground ’n pound course proved to be an intensive and enlightening session as we delved into various half-guard defences, which are crucial for any fighter looking to enhance their grappling skills in mixed martial arts. The focus of this training was on several key positions: deep half-guard, knee-shield, Z-guard, and classic half-guard. Each of these positions presents unique challenges and opportunities, making them essential componen